Bagpiper: Solving Open-Ended Audio Tasks via Rich Captions

Authors’ abstract

Current audio foundation models typically rely on rigid, task-specific supervision (e.g., speech recognition), addressing isolated factors of audio rather than the whole. In contrast, human processes audio holistically, seamlessly bridging raw audio waveform with abstract cognitive concepts (e.g., all perception details of audio events) to execute complex tasks. Grounded in this philosophy, we introduce Bagpiper, an 8B audio foundation model that interprets physical audio via rich captions, i.e., comprehensive natural language descriptions that encapsulate the critical cognitive concepts inherent in the audio. By pre-training on a massive corpus of 600B tokens, the model establishes a robust bidirectional mapping between raw audio and this high-level conceptual space. During fine-tuning, Bagpiper adopts a caption-then-process workflow, simulating an intermediate cognitive reasoning step to solve diverse tasks without knowing prior task-specific practice. Experimentally, Bagpiper achieves universal generation that can uniformly generate speech, sound effects, music, and their arbitrary combinations. It also maintains comparable performance with the 7B Qwen-2.5-Omni for audio understanding. To the best of our knowledge, Bagpiper is among the first works that achieve open-ended audio understanding and generation on speech, sound, and music. Model, data, and code will be released at Bagpiper Home Page.